diff --git a/includes/tool_form.php b/includes/tool_form.php
index dc8df04..0e20585 100644
--- a/includes/tool_form.php
+++ b/includes/tool_form.php
@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-                <form id="toolForm" class="tool-form">
+                <form id="toolForm" class="tool-form" novalidate>
                     <div class="control-row" id="languageControl">
                         <span class="control-label">Language</span>
                         <label><input type="radio" name="language" value="en" checked> English</label>
@@ -82,7 +82,7 @@
                     </div>
 
                     <label class="input-label" for="toolInput" id="inputLabel">Question</label>
-                    <textarea id="toolInput" name="toolInput" rows="10" required></textarea>
+                    <textarea id="toolInput" name="toolInput" rows="10"></textarea>
 
                     <div class="form-footer">
                         <p id="toolStatus" class="form-status" role="status" aria-live="polite"></p>
diff --git a/redact.php b/redact.php
index 69b06fb..338111e 100644
--- a/redact.php
+++ b/redact.php
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ $toolKind  = 'Redaction Assistant';
 $toolBadge = 'deterministic first';
 require_once __DIR__ . '/includes/layout.php';
 ?>
-                <form id="toolForm" class="tool-form">
+                <form id="toolForm" class="tool-form" novalidate>
 
                     <div class="lang-switcher" id="redactLangSwitcher" role="group" aria-label="UI language">
                         <button type="button" class="lang-btn is-active" data-lang="en">&#127468;&#127463; EN</button>
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ require_once __DIR__ . '/includes/layout.php';
                     </div>
 
                     <label class="input-label" for="toolInput" id="inputLabel" data-i18n="redactInputLabel">Pasted text</label>
-                    <textarea id="toolInput" name="toolInput" rows="10" required data-i18n-placeholder="redactInputPlaceholder" placeholder="Paste text containing names, phone numbers, emails, addresses, or national ID numbers."></textarea>
+                    <textarea id="toolInput" name="toolInput" rows="10" data-i18n-placeholder="redactInputPlaceholder" placeholder="Paste text containing names, phone numbers, emails, addresses, or national ID numbers."></textarea>
 
                     <div class="form-footer">
                         <p id="toolStatus" class="form-status" role="status" aria-live="polite"></p>
diff --git a/timeline.php b/timeline.php
index ec25eb2..e44d854 100644
--- a/timeline.php
+++ b/timeline.php
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ $toolKind  = 'Timeline Builder';
 $toolBadge = 'process-and-forget';
 require_once __DIR__ . '/includes/layout.php';
 ?>
-                <form id="toolForm" class="tool-form">
+                <form id="toolForm" class="tool-form" novalidate>
 
                     <div class="lang-switcher" id="timelineLangSwitcher" role="group" aria-label="UI language">
                         <button type="button" class="lang-btn is-active" data-lang="en">&#127468;&#127463; EN</button>
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ require_once __DIR__ . '/includes/layout.php';
                     </div>
 
                     <label class="input-label" for="toolInput" id="inputLabel" data-i18n="timelineInputLabel">Pasted text</label>
-                    <textarea id="toolInput" name="toolInput" rows="10" required data-i18n-placeholder="timelineInputPlaceholder" placeholder="Paste case notes, court decisions, or correspondence containing dates and events."></textarea>
+                    <textarea id="toolInput" name="toolInput" rows="10" data-i18n-placeholder="timelineInputPlaceholder" placeholder="Paste case notes, court decisions, or correspondence containing dates and events."></textarea>
 
                     <div id="timelineNotesSection">
                         <label class="input-label" for="timelineNotes" data-i18n="timelineNotesLabel">Context notes <small class="control-hint">(optional)</small></label>